Category Archives: Mammals

Eerie Shrieking that Prevents a Fight

Elk bugling, 2013 (photo by Paul Staniszewski)

27 September 2026

In September and October elk (Cervus canadensis) are in the rut in Pennsylvania. The dominant bulls follow groups of cows and warn other males away.

Males try to intimidate rivals by vocalizing and displaying with their antlers. If neither bull backs down, they engage in antler wrestling, sometimes sustaining serious injuries.

— Wikipedia: Elk Behavior and Ecology

The sounds are haunting and surprisingly complex. Julia Plummer recorded them on the night of September 18-19 at State Gamelands 34 in Elk County.

The vocalizations are called “bugling” because they vaguely resemble a human bugle. Compare this to Julia’s elk recording below.

video embedded from History Symposium on YouTube

Human bugles don’t have a wide frequency range. The elk’s bugle are as low as 150Hz and as high as 7,500Hz (maybe higher?). Notice the patterns on the sonogram. Lots of it is outside my range of hearing.

To make these sounds the bull uses his larynx for lower frequencies and forces air through his nasal cavities for the high ones.

The message is, “I’m big and powerful and these cows are mine!” If it works, his eerie shrieking prevents a fight.

The First Armadillo Has Made It to Ohio!

Mexican long-nosed armadillo loping across a field (photo from Wikimedia)

23 September 2026

Three years ago, in April 2023, I wrote that Armadillos Are On Their Way to Pennsylvania. Since arriving in Texas in 1849 they’ve expanded their range north and east in the U.S. nearly ten times faster than the average rate expected for a mammal. In 2023 they were two states away in Indiana. Not anymore! The first documented naturally occurring armadillo was found as roadkill near Oxford, Ohio.

video embedded from WLWT on YouTube

If you’ve been following armadillos in the U.S. you’ll notice that their official name has changed and is no longer the “nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus).” In June 2024 the species was split into the “nine-banded” who lives only in South America and the Mexican long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus mexicanus) who lives in Central and North America. No matter what they’re called they do have long noses. 😉

Mexican long-nosed armadillo approaching and sniffing someone’s shoe (photos from Wikimedia)

The armadillo range map looked like this twenty years ago: 2006 in red, >2006 is pink. Today’s news is marked with a circled asterisk at Oxford, Ohio .

Map from Wikimedia updated with this news

In fact, armadillos have outpaced our predictions. This January 2025 USGS map of documented armadillo occurrences shows they’re (unexpectedly!) in Iowa.

Current Distribution of Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in United States (map from USGS study)

What about those dots in Ohio in January 2025? Those animals are believed to have been hitchhikers on vehicles. This month’s first naturally occurring armadillo probably walked east from Indiana, based on their current range in that state.

Read more about armadillo range expansion in this 2023 article (which uses the old species name).

p.s. Armadillos don’t move west because they need three things the west doesn’t have: moisture, forest and leaf litter.

Wild Kittens at Play

Bobcat kittens in North Texas (photo from WIkimedia)

21 September 2026

Another rainy day in Pittsburgh with yesterday’s Flood Watch lasting until noon today(*). So to take our minds off the rain …

Let’s watch wild bobcat kittens at play in Connecticut in late July 2025. By autumn they will be able to hunt alone. Though they can stay with their mother for up to a year, they’ll probably leave earlier. Ready for new adventures.

video embedded from Jay Cromak on YouTube

(*) Flood Watches have become very stressful in western PA this summer. Places that rarely flooded in the past have now seen repeat inundations. For example, 40-minutes from Downtown Pittsburgh these folks in Washington County, PA have been flooded over and over again.

European Arctic Fox Walks to Canada

Arctic fox in Nunavut, Canada (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

17 September 2026

We think nothing of birds flying from one continent to another but the idea of a mammal walking from Europe to North America boggles the mind. There is no dry land between the two continents, only ice that thins in autumn.

In 2018 polar researchers Eva Fuglei and Arnaud Tarroux tagged a young female arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) with a satellite transmitter to see where she would go when she dispersed from her natal home on Spitzbergen in Norway’s Svalbard archipelago. They were in for a surprise. 76 days later she settled in Canada.

Daily movements of a young Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) female using sea ice as a bridge while dispersing from her natal area in Svalbard, Norway, to Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada.

When the fox left her parents’ territory on 1 March 2018, Arctic sea ice was soon to reach its maximum extent on 17 March. Nine days later, with ice hugging the Spitzbergen’s eastern shore, she walked off the island and began her journey.

From 26 March to 1 July she traveled 76 days, put 4415 km (2743 miles) on her feet, and averaged 46.3 km (28 miles) a day. At top speed on Greenland’s ice sheet she traveled 155 km (96 miles) in a day.

Finally on 1 July 2018 she stopped walking and settled down on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. Here’s an animation of her daily movements from Polar Research.

Not only did the fox make a big journey but she was in for a change in diet. At Svalbard there are no lemmings so Arctic foxes eat marine food. At Ellesmere Island lemmings are a significant part of their diet.

And she probably looked different. She was a blue morph like the fox pictured below. So she would never turn all white like the fox pictured at top in Nunavut, Canada.

Blue morph arctic fox in winter (photo from Wikimedia)

Read more about her journey at Polar Research: Arctic fox dispersal from Svalbard to Canada: one female’s long run across sea ice.

This article was inspired by this post by @amazingmaps on Instagram.

Coyote Between Two Walls

Coyote in a backyard in California (photo from Wikimedia)

12 September 2026

Coyotes have been in the City of Pittsburgh for at least 10 years but we usually don’t see them until autumn when the youngsters disperse from their birthplace and travel as much as 120 miles to find a new home. Pups are born in a well-hidden den in a “wild” place without humans and cars and densely packed buildings. When they disperse at around four months old they’re naive about the urban setting. That’s probably how a coyote got stuck between two walls on Atwood Street in Oakland.

Atwood Street in Pittsburgh, looking northwest toward Forbes & Fifth, 26 Dec 2019 (photo from Wikimedia)

Atwood Street is so densely packed that the gaps between houses are usually only wide enough for a human to walk in. A few of the gaps are even smaller, making maintenance on those facing walls nearly impossible. Coyotes are used to den openings only 1 foot in diameter so this one was probably tempted by a narrow opening. He got in but he couldn’t get out.

After the coyote’s rescue he was “relocated outside the city to a wooded area.” No problem. He was going to travel far anyway.

Read more about Pittsburgh’s urban coyotes, what they eat, where they are, and what to do if you encounter a coyote in this vintage article from October 2017: Coyotes In Town.

Bear Encounter

video embedded from Dave Bonta on Facebook

24 July 2026

It’s been my experience that, if you stand still and are downwind, wild animals might not notice you until you speak.

I would not have been brave enough to stand still for this one.

Who stood still for this bear? The video is by Dave Bonta. Self-described as “a multimedia poet from the sticks” he lives in Plummers Hollow in northern Blair County, Pennsylvania and is much more familiar with the woods than I am.

City Fawn Learns From Mom

8 July 2026

Yesterday on Ellsworth Avenue my husband was surprised to see a curious fawn inside the Hunt Mansion fence. The fawn began to approach him. Where was its mother?

Not far away. After a few steps the fawn paused and went to mom nearby. Its mother taught it that humans on the sidewalk are not dangerous, but don’t get too close.

The doe must have indicated she was going outside the fence. “I’m going to eat that hedge. Go to your hiding place while I’m gone.”

The doe crossed the street to the yard with the delicious hedge and the fawn trotted away.

So this doe I saw last week has a fawn.

(photos in the first slideshow are by Richard St. John, both photos in the second slideshow by Kate St. John)

Sand Cats Found in Libya

Sand cat (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

6 July 2026

There is an elusive desert wild cat that is so similar in size and shape to a domestic cat that it could be mistaken for one. The sand cat (Felis margarita) lives in disjoint areas in deserts from North Africa to the Middle East to Turkmenistan and is so well camouflaged that it is almost impossible to see in the wild. They are always in remote desert areas and possibly extinct in some of their range.

Distribution of sand cat as of 2016 (map from Wikimedia Commons)

Sand cats were not found in Libya, until Mohammed Almuntasir posted this video on YouTube in 2017.

Sand Cat in Libya, 2017 video by Mohammed Almuntasir embedded from YouTube

Almuntasir often received inquiries about the video but it led nowhere until Firas Hayder at Sol Plaatje University in South Africa proposed searching for and mapping sand cat locations using GPS, still shots and video.

It was a dangerous effort for humans because of armed smugglers in the region. However, the 8-year collaboration placed the sand cat on the map in Libya. I’ve hand drawn the approximate location in blue.

Distribution of sand cat marked (approximately) with location in Libya, 2026 (map from Wikimedia Commons in 2019)

If you’ve seen a sand cat in a zoo I’m sure you’ve been surprised by how much it looks like the cats at home(*). These are the zoo-bred descendants of sand cats caught in southwestern Pakistan in the early 1970s and exported to zoos worldwide. Sand cats are gone from Pakistan in the current map. It is encouraging to hear they are in Libya.

Sand cat in a zoo (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

Read more about the research project and sand cats in Libya at ‘No one believed it’: how a YouTube video accidentally proved Libya’s sand cat really does exist.


(*) Sand cats and domestic cats have a common ancestor.

Phylogenetic DNA tree for Sand cat and Domestic cat (diagram from Wikipedia)

Large Animals That Used To Live Here …?

Black bear swimming in Quebec, Canada in 2012 (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

18 June 2026

Five hundred years ago elk, bison, wolves and mountain lions roamed the eastern U.S., including Pennsylvania, but now we never see them in Pittsburgh.

The closest we get to a mountain lion are the four cougar statues immortalized as “panthers” on the Panther Hollow Bridge in Schenley Park.

Panther statue at Panther Hollow Bridge (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

Some of these large animals are making a comeback in the East, thanks in part to habitat restoration and reintroduction, as described by Andrew Moore in his new book The Beasts of the East: The Fall and Rise of America’s Eastern Wilderness.

book cover The Beasts of the East by Andrew Moore

Andrew and Boaz Frankel talked about the large animals that used to live here as they walked in Schenley Park last week.

Talk Pittsburgh video embedded from CBS Pittsburgh on YouTube

They never mentioned the black bears who used to live here, were gone for a long time, and are now making a comeback on their own.

Black bear in western Pennsylvania, May 2010 (photo by Chuck Tague)

This week a black bear is roaming North Park, running across the street, and swimming in the lake. CBS Pittsburgh reports, “The Pennsylvania Game Commission is monitoring the situation. … Visitors are asked to use caution, give the bear plenty of space and keep their dogs on leashes. Don’t try to interact with the bear.”

video embedded from CBS Pittsburgh on YouTube

Read more about the black bear in this CBS Pittsburgh article.

Learn more about Beasts of the East when Andrew Moore presents his new book at Greentree Public Library on June 24th. Registration is required for this event.

Mama Possum in Slow Motion

Mother opossum with full pouch (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

1 May 2026

Marsupials are unusual mammals whose young are born in an undeveloped state and complete their development inside their mother’s pouch. Australia has many marsupials including kangaroos and koalas but north of Mexico, North America has only one. The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is the northernmost marsupial in the world.

This week Dana Nesiti saw an opossum crossing a gravel trail and published it in slow motion on Facebook. Notice how “fat” this possum appears to be. She’s a mother carrying her growing young inside her pouch.

    NOTE: If you’re viewing this on mobile and cannot see the video: A Facebook bug prevents displaying of embedded Facebook posts on some mobile devices. Until Meta fixes it click here to see Dana’s post.

When her young get larger they won’t fit in her pouch so she’ll have to carry them on her back. The caption on this Wikimedia photo says she’s carrying nine!

Mother Virginia opossum carrying her young on her back (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

p.s. How did Virginia opossums get so far north? They walked from South America!